現代快報訊（記者 李鳴）你知道南京的玄武湖和紫金山是如何形成的？明孝陵的石像生裡為何有海洋古生物化石？方山的山頂為什麼是平的，雨花石的前世今生又有哪些故事……4月4日—5日，“南京地質那些事”科普在江蘇科技館舉行，以講座加實物展示的形式，講述南京億萬年前地質變遷。

At the scene, the popular science teacher explained from a geological perspective how the Ningzhen Mountains were uplifted to create the towering Zhongshan Mountain, and how the picturesque Qixia Mountain and Xuanwu Lake became a pool of clear water; There are many interesting questions about why fossils can witness the flourishing of underwater life in those years, and how the beautiful rain flower stone was born from the embrace of the volcano and ran to the vicinity of the ancient city of Nanjing. Through scientific answers, these small question marks in children's hearts will be turned into exclamation points to explore the mysteries of science.

How was the Purple Mountain formed? Children have different guesses about this question. In fact, at the beginning of the Cretaceous, due to strong orogeny, the rock formations around the Purple Mountain were subjected to horizontal pressure, resulting in strong uplift and faulting. The originally horizontal rock formations sloped from north to south, so the Purple Mountain rose from the ground and became the middle branch of the western section of the Ningzhen Mountain Range, and it is also the highest peak of the Ningzhen Mountain Range.

The formation of Xuanwu Lake is caused by the four major fault phenomena of the nearby Zhongshan reverse mask fault, Tianbaocheng fault, Fuguishan fault and Taipingmen fault, which formed the Xuanwu Lake lowland. After millions of years of wind and rain erosion, it gradually dissolved into a low-lying waterlogged land, and finally gave birth to this "Internet celebrity" lake.

The stone statues of the Ming Tomb have witnessed the great changes of the sea for hundreds of millions of years. Inside the stone statues, there are fossils of ancient sea creatures such as squirts, corals, sea lilies, and bryozoans. These large stones came from the quarries in the Tangshan area of Nanjing during the Ming Dynasty.

湯山地區也屬於寧鎮山脈，寧鎮山脈的地層中保存了二疊紀時期的海洋生物群落化石，這些化石展示了約2.7億年前海洋世界的繁盛場景，包括大型鯊魚、自由游泳的菊石、鸚鵡螺、雙殼類、腹足類和固著生存的腕足動物、海百合等顯示出二疊紀海洋生態和菊石演變的寶貴資料。

同樣記載了一段地質歷史的方山，雖然山體不大，但是背後卻有著長久的地質變遷：距今6500—8000萬年，乾旱風沙環境，赤山組砂岩；距今2300—5300萬年，出現河流森林，形成洞玄觀組砂岩；距今1000萬年，發生火山爆發，山頂被炸平形成方山平平的山頂。

記者瞭解到，距今1000萬年以來，方山一直處於風化剝蝕狀態，但保留火山地貌，所以別小看了方山，它可是中國東南部新近紀火山活動高峰期的典型代表。