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最近2024YR4這顆小行星引起了全球矚目,2月18日美國太空總署將這顆小行星2032年撞擊地球的風險上調至了3.1%的可能性。不過就在近兩日,美航太局又連續下調了撞擊概率,目前已降至0.004%,也就是說對地球基本沒有重大威脅(截至3月11日沒有新數據公佈)。僅僅幾天就從3級威脅忽然又降低到了接近0級,為什麼這個數據就像過山車一樣忽高忽低呢?
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這就要說到概率估計。小行星撞擊地球的概率計算會受到其亮度與臨近大天體引力等因素影響,這些觀測數據隨時在變,因此由它們計算出來的撞擊概率也就時高時低,而且在過去一段時間的上升或下降並不意味著會一直延續下去。這顆小行星在去年12月由智利的“小行星撞擊地球最後警報系統”首次發現起的48小時後,就成為了全球太空機構的關注焦點。
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近地小行星在太空裡並不少見,目前被人類發現的就已超過3萬顆,此外每年還會新增發現大約 3,000 顆,其中很多的運行軌道與地球軌道相交,被列為有風險的目標,裡面不乏有直徑超過140米的。已經知道的是,2024YR4小行星大約每4年穿越地球軌道一次,其軌道近日點位於地球軌道以內,遠日點接近木星軌道,這意味著它有可能與地球發生近距離接觸。
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我們會比較關心它撞擊後產生的破壞力。就規模來說,2024YR4小行星和導致通古斯大爆炸的小行星大小相似,直徑都在40到90米之間,相當於一棟大樓。目前科學家普遍認為通古斯大爆炸的“肇事者”可能是一顆直徑65米左右的小天體,摧毀了2000多平方公里範圍內的8000萬棵樹。以此推測,2024YR4假如撞上地球,足以摧毀一座城市或引發區域性海嘯。
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So, when the impact probability calculation reached 004.0%, it attracted almost global attention. Everyone can't help but think, is humanity really going to carry out the first near-Earth asteroid defense mission? Although this probability has been reduced to 0.0%, the threat has been lifted for the time being. But it is also a wake-up call for humanity: what should people do if they are really exposed to such a risk of impact?
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其他國家不說,我國其實早有部署。就在去年(2024年)9月的第二屆深空探測國際會議上,中國深空探測實驗室就發佈了近地小行星防禦任務方案。我國將首次實施開展近地小行星在軌驗證任務,採用“伴飛,動能撞擊加伴飛”的任務模式,使用動能攔截器對小行星實施撞擊,同時對小行星進行伴飛觀察,以驗證偏轉攔截的效果。
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同時,中國科學院南京紫金山天文臺也發佈消息稱,中國小行星監測設備成功對一顆直徑1米,代號為2024RW1的小行星實施跟蹤,並成功計算出該小行星進入地球大氣層的時間和區域。最終,該小行星準確於當地時間9月5日0點40分在菲律賓呂宋島北部進入大氣層,並在離地表約25千米空域解體爆炸,未對地面人員及設施等造成任何傷害。
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Combining the above two news, it is not difficult to see that China already has the prerequisites for the mission of low-earth orbit asteroid defense, that is, accurate prediction and effective intervention. At present, there are at least 6 to 0 means of dealing with asteroids, such as kinetic impact, nuclear explosion, gravitational traction, strong laser irradiation and coating the surface of the asteroid with highly reflective materials to change the light pressure. The specific method needs to be comprehensively considered according to the size, composition, speed, warning time and other factors of the asteroid.
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At present, kinetic impact is a more feasible method, and humans have also done some experiments, such as the deep impact mission of the United States on comet "Temple 1" in 2021. In 0 years, the "Double Asteroid Redirection Test Mission" launched by the United States also used the kinetic impact method to produce a velocity component on the asteroid, changing its orbit. It is conceivable that, under certain circumstances, it is possible to ensure that the asteroid can change its orbit enough to avoid the Earth through continuous impacts.
Source: Popular Science China Cartoon: Yang Shicheng